Posts Tagged ‘psychology’

Locus of Control

Monday, April 19th, 2010

I have had a number of discussions recently with clients and their difficulties around taking responsibility for their own behaviours/decisions etc. It stems around where their locus of control is, either externally or internally.

At the moment there is a great trend towards letting the Universe provide – ask, and it shall be given you. The trouble with this way of doing things is that the locus of control is external, ie it lies outside of you.

I prefer to think that the Universe may provide things – and it may not, but I don’t have to sit and wait for it to happen. I can be doing much to help things happen for me in all areas of my life. This gives me an internal locus of control – I’m in charge.

Now, I’m not saying the things always go the way I would like them to. I’m a fellow struggler through life, the same as everyone. So, of course, there is a downside to having an internal locus of control – who can we blame if it doesn’t go the way I want?

Well here’s the thing. I could try and blame others for my faults and failings, couldn’t I? Afterall, it then gives me every reason to continue making mistakes and not taking any responsibility. It’s someone else’s fault then.

However, I choose to take responsibility for both my mistakes, and my successes – they are mine too. And that’s the up-side, isn’t it.

But I also choose to see mistakes, not as failings, but as learnings. As far as I’m concerned the only mistakes are the ones we don’t learn from. And I intend for my whole life to be a chance for me to learn whatever there is for me to learn, that means I progress.

So, where are you going to put your locus of control? Is it outside, giving someone else the power over you? Or are you going to take responsibility, have an internal locus of control that gives you the power over your own path?

The Universe might provide, but you could be a long time waiting if it doesn’t.

The D-O-R Model

Monday, April 5th, 2010

This from Michael Neill’s newsletter received today. I couldn’t get the diagram to copy here, but I think it’s clear without it:

One of the main questions I’ve been exploring and wrestling with over the past 20 years or so is how we create more of what we want in the world.

Some related questions include:

  • What makes the difference between success and failure in any endeavor?
  • What are the key skills people need to develop to create more of what they want?
  • What can I do today to move forward in the direction of what I’m wanting?

Recently, I’ve created a model that I’ve been teaching on courses and with my one on one coaching clients that seems to address most of what I’ve learned in a fairly practical way. 

In order to make sense of it and put it to work in your own life, let’s go through each of the steps in turn…

1. D is for Desire

It would seem somewhat obvious that in order to create more of what you want in your life, the first step would be to know what it is that you want.  Yet the most common answer I hear when I ask people what they want is “I don’t know”.  My question in return is most often “why not?”

Here are some of the most common responses: 

  • I’ve never really thought about it. 

  • If I start focusing on what I want, then I’m going to feel bad when/if I don’t get it. 

  • If I say what I want, then I’ll have to do stuff I don’t want to do in order to get it. 

  • If I admitted what I really wanted, everyone would think I’m a. selfish, b. shallow, c. foolish, d. grandiose, or e. all of the above.  And even if they didn’t think that, I would!

And here’s the problem with all of these responses – you want what you want, whether or not you think you should want it and whether or not you think you can have it. Authentic desire is, well, authentic – it comes from somewhere deep inside us.  

You can no more make yourself not want what you want than you can make yourself invisible (not that people don’t try).  The freedom comes in realizing that you don’t have to do anything about it.  Wanting what you want is natural; doing something about it is always a choice.

The wonderful thing about desire is that when you begin to respect it, listen to it, and even experiment with following it, it will take you in the direction of the most wonderful life you can imagine.  This is the principle of effortless success, and as I wrote in the introduction to You Can Have What You Want:

When you get really clear and honest about what you want, 
everything in the universe conspires to help you get it.

Which leads us on to the next part of our model…

2. O is for Opportunity

When I was an actor, I noticed a peculiar phenomenon – whenever I actively reconnected to my authentic desire to get acting work, opportunities to do or audition for that work started showing up.  In fact, I can recall three separate occasions where I was sitting in my car reading a trade newspaper looking for auditions when my agent rang to tell me about an audition that had come in for me.

Coincidence?  Maybe – but just because two things coincide doesn’t mean they’re not also related.  And in the years since then, I’ve noticed again and again that when I’m in touch with my authentic desire, opportunities to fulfill that desire begin showing up.

Here are the two main theories I’ve heard to explain that phenomenon:

a. The Perceptual Snowplow

There is a part of our brain called the RAS, or reticular activating system, which essentially filters information in such a way that we notice more of what we’re looking for and less of what we aren’t.  This is why when you first get a new car (or shirt or dress or pretty much anything) you begin to see it everywhere.

The “perceptual snowplow” theory says that the reason opportunities follow on from desire is simply that acknowledging the desire sets up our perceptual filters in a way so that otherwise random data appears to us as meaningful and otherwise random events get recoded in our brains as “opportunities to fulfill our desire”.  By this theory, the auditions I got when I was sitting in my car would have come anyways – but because my perceptual snowplow was clearing the way to notice “auditions”, those phone calls showed up for me as significant.

b. Harmonic Resonance

In fields as varied as quantum physics, neuroscience, music theory and metaphysics, the theory of harmonic resonance suggests that all objects have a frequency or set of frequency with which they naturally resonate.  

This is the science behind the “law of attraction” that has come into vogue through “The Secret” and the work of Abraham-Hicks. Since thoughts are a form of energy, when we think about something happening and resonate with the frequency of that thought (i.e. think it clearly enough to generate the corresponding feeling state in our body), it sends an actual vibratory frequency out into the universe and literally attracts anything with a similar frequency into the time and space of the person thinking those thoughts.

So by this theory, the auditions I got when I was reading the trade papers weren’t coincidental at all, but rather the natural fruits of the seed of my desire.  Desire is the cause; opportunity is the effect.

So which theory is correct?

I don’t have a clue.  And fortunately it doesn’t seem to matter – people who believe in the perceptual snowplow seem to have as many opportunities turn up as those who believe in harmonic resonance – and neither belief system appears to be a prerequisite for creating more of what you want in your life.

What does seem to matter is two things:

The first is clarifying your desire – getting really clear and honest with yourself about what it is that you’d most love to happen, even if you don’t think that it can or will happen and even if you think you’re a terrible, silly person for wanting it.

The second is spotting opportunities as they arise and stepping into them by taking action. (See my recent tip on “Event-Action” for more on this.) The best thing about opportunity is that it is not, contrary to popular mythology, a one-off event.  In fact, when you get really clear about what you want, opportunity knocks so hard and so often it has bloody knuckles.

But if desire and opportunity are so readily available, why doesn’t everyone have everything they want?  Is it just laziness, or lack of discipline, or lack of clarity?

The answer to this question comes in the third element of our model…

3. R is for Readiness

I was having a conversation with my mentor George Pransky, when he pointed out to me that perhaps the reason a project I had taken on hadn’t worked out was that “it wasn’t in the cards”.

Slightly horrified at the inference that I didn’t completely control the universe and that occasionally even with all the will and cleverness in the world there was still an element of fate that played a part in how things turn out, I asked him to clarify what he meant.

He told me the story of a 19th century Hungarian physician named Ignaz Semmelweis who had discovered that if he and his nurses washed their hands before handling babies, it reduced infant mortality rates from as high as 35% to below 1%. And yet, this ran so contrary to state of the art medical knowledge at the time that his “radical” theories were rejected and he was fired from his job, committed to a mental institution, and died as a societal outcast.

In other words, while what he had to say has long since been proven and accepted as “common sense”, at the time he was saying it there was no readiness for its acceptance. And therein lies the key to understanding why some great ideas don’t catch on, great projects don’t come off, and great actors don’t get jobs :-) – sometimes, even when everything else seems to be in place, the world just isn’t ready for whatever it is you want to happen.  

And if you know this, it needn’t be a problem. Very few trees seek out therapy or life-coaching in the fall or winter, even though to an outsider it might appear that their “strategies for successful blossoming” aren’t working out.  And I’ve yet to have an acorn call me to complain that despite it’s positive attitude and repeated use of affirmations (“I  want to be an oak tree, I will be an oak tree, I am an oak tree!”), it’s just not growing as fast as its fellow acorns.

The fact is, some stuff just seems not to be in the cards – for now. But if you get clear about what you want and continue to step into each opportunity as it arises, you’ll maximize your chances for success and minimize the stress, guilt, and striving that thinking it’s all up and down to you tend to bring.

Have fun, learn heaps, and may all your success be fun!

With love,

Michael

 

PS – Do you want to reduce your financial stress by 75% or more?

OK, OK, I know – it’s a stupid question.  Of course you do.  Which is why Steve Chandler and I have created a Financially Fearless mastermind group to assist a small group of committed people in mastering the 4 aspects of money and making fear irrelevant in their lives.If you book by the end of the week (April 10th), we’ll also include additional one on one coaching between now and the start of the event in July!

To take advantage of this offer and begin to transform your experience of money for the better today, click here.


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 Copyright © 2010 Michael Neill. All Rights Reserved  

Reflections on what we control and what we don’t

Monday, February 8th, 2010
Once again my this blog comes from Michael Neill’s weekly email. It is reproduced here with his permission.His emails can be really inspiring and you can sign up to receive them too by using the link at the bottom of the page. I hope you enjoy it … Did you know that “worry” is a verb? That is, “to worry something” is to shake it about – it is an activity, not a thing.

The kind of worrying that most of us do is with our thoughts. We take a particular thought and “worry it about” in our minds, shaking it back and forth and flipping it around until we become absolute experts on everything that could possibly go wrong.  

I myself am an expert “worrier” – I seem to have been granted the ability to pick out the worst-case scenario at a puppy farm, or to imagine all the things that could go wrong at an OSHA convention.  
Which is why I’ve always found it a bit curious that when I’m actually IN a difficult situation, I tend to handle it with remarkable ease and grace. Being stuck in traffic doesn’t upset me, even if I’m running late. If the recording equipment stops working at an event where I’m teaching, as it did recently, I can generally incorporate it into the proceedings without batting an eyelash, even if I had previously been worrying about the possibility.  

The difference, or so it seems to me, is this:  

Once something has actually happened, whether or not it happens is clearly no longer within my control. And if I know that something is not within my control, I see no point in worrying about it, or more accurately, in worrying it about.
Which is why when I woke up a couple of days ago without control over the left side of my face, I was oddly calm. In fact, the only real thought my worrying mind gave me to play with was how it might affect the television pilot we’re working on, and whether or not they will be able to film me exclusively from the right side until whatever it was cleared up.  

When others kindly pointed out to me all the other things I could be worrying about that might be a wee bit more important than how I looked on TV, like a brain tumor or a stroke, it did occur to me to go to the hospital, and they quickly diagnosed it as a mild case of Bell’s Palsy, a strange form of facial paralysis the explanation for which sounded completely made up, even to the doctor who diagnosed me with it.  
The good thing about Bell’s Palsy is that a. Most people recover within 2 – 3 weeks and b. With the exception of a cocktail of drugs that may or may not speed recovery and that I am faithfully taking each day, there’s nothing much which can be done.  

And I find that sort of behavioral helplessness incredibly comforting. Oh sure, I get that if I maintain a relatively positive mind and a relatively relaxed body, that will create an internal environment which promotes healing. And even after only a few days, I’ve discovered that ordering soup for lunch is just a bad idea. But when there’s nothing to be done about something, there’s nothing to be done about it – and that leaves our energy free to enjoy whatever it is we can do.  

Twenty years ago, I remember seeing the quadriplegic motivational speaker W. Mitchell give a talk from his wheelchair. The line which burned into my memory was this:

“Before I was paralyzed there were 10,000 things I could do. Now there are 9,000. I can either dwell on the 1,000 I’ve lost or focus on the 9,000 I have left.”  
 

What we control, in my experience, is not what happens to us and not even which thoughts, positive or negative, come into our head. What we control is what we do and which thoughts we dwell on. And funnily enough, that’s more than enough control to create a magical life, regardless of whatever circumstances you happen to find yourself in.  

Recently, I was watching a video of the spiritual philosopher Syd Banks and he shared an old Irish philosophy: 

There are only two things to worry about – are you sick or are you well?If you’re well, there’s nothing to worry about. And if you’re sick, there are only two things to worry about – will you live or will you die? If you live, there’s nothing to worry about. And if you die, there are only two things to worry about – will you go to heaven or will you go to hell?  If you go to heaven, there’s nothing to worry about. And if you go to hell, you’ll be so busy shaking hands with all your friends that there’s nothing to worry about.   

 

With love,

Michael

Copyright © 2010 Michael Neill. All Rights Reserved
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Law of the Garbage Truck

Monday, August 10th, 2009

I was told this story the other day. What are your thoughts?
‘One day I was in a taxi and we were heading for the airport. We were driving in the right lane when suddenly a black car jumped out of a parking space right in front of us. My taxi driver slammed on his brakes, skidded, and missed the other car by just inches! The driver of the other car whipped his head around and started yelling at us. My taxi driver just smiled and waved at the guy. And I mean, he was really friendly. So I asked, ‘Why did you just do that? This guy almost ruined your cab and sent us to the hospital!’ This is when my taxi driver taught me what I now call, ‘The Law of the Garbage Truck.’

He explained that many people are like garbage trucks. They run around full of garbage, full of frustration, full of anger, and full of disappointment. As their garbage piles up, they need a place to dump it and sometimes they’ll dump it on you.

Don’t take it personally. Just smile, wave, wish them well, and move on. Don’t take their garbage and spread it to other people at work, at home, or on the streets.
The bottom line is that successful people do not let garbage trucks take over their day.
Life’s too short to wake up in the morning with regrets, so… love the people who treat you right. Forgive the ones who don’t.
Life is ten percent what you make it and ninety percent how you take it!

Have a garbage-free day!’

Attitudes are contagious. Are yours worth catching?

20 Tips for dealing with life…

Friday, August 7th, 2009

I’m afraid I don’t know the original author, but I unashamedly pinched this from a forum I belong to. It made my chuckle, but think how true some of them are too. What do you think?

1. Remember… Once you get over the hill, you’ll begin to pick up speed.

2. If it weren’t for STRESS I’d have no energy at all.

3. Whatever hits the fan… Will not be evenly distributed.

4. Everyone has a photographic memory. Some, like me, just don’t have any film.

5. I always know… God won’t give me more than I can handle there are times I just wish He didn’t trust me quite so much.

6. Dogs Have Owners ~ Cats Have Staff

7. If the shoe fits… buy a pair in every colour.

8. Never be too open-minded, your brains may fall out.

9. Just going to church doesn’t make you a Christian, any more than standing in a garage makes you a car..

10. Bills travel through the mail at twice the speed of cheques.

11. If you look like your passport picture… you probably need the trip.

12. Some days are a total waste of makeup.

13. Men are from earth. Women are from earth. Deal with it.

14. A balanced diet is a cookie in each hand.

15. Middle age is when broadness of the mind and narrowness of the waist change places.

16. Opportunities always look bigger going than coming.

17. Junk is something you’ve kept for years and throw away three weeks before you need it.

18. Experience is a wonderful thing. It enables you to recognize a mistake when you make it again.

19. By the time you can make ends meet, they move the ends.

20. Learn from the mistakes of others. Trust me… you can’t live long enough to make them all yourself. I’ve tried!!

45 Lessons Life's Taught Me

Sunday, July 26th, 2009

I really enjoyed reading this list after it was shared with me, so I thought I would post to share with you!

Regina Brett is a columnist for The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio. She wrote this a few years ago and then republished when she turned 50 years old (not 90 as reported in some places!).

Regina said “To celebrate growing older, I once wrote the 45 lessons life taught me. It is the most-requested column I’ve ever written.”

:
1. Life isn’t fair, but it’s still good.
2. When in doubt, just take the next small step.
3. Life is too short to waste time hating anyone.
4. Your job won’t take care of you when you are sick. Your friends and parents will. Stay in touch.
5. Pay off your credit cards every month.
6. You don’t have to win every argument. Agree to disagree.
7. Cry with someone. It’s more healing than crying alone.
8. It’s OK to get angry with God. He can take it.
9. Save for retirement starting with your first paycheck.
10. When it comes to chocolate, resistance is futile.
11. Make peace with your past so it won’t screw up the present.
12. It’s OK to let your children see you cry.
13. Don’t compare your life to others. You have no idea what their journey is all about.
14. If a relationship has to be a secret, you shouldn’t be in it.
15. Everything can change in the blink of an eye. But don’t worry; God never blinks.
16. Take a deep breath. It calms the mind.
17. Get rid of anything that isn’t useful, beautiful or joyful.
18. Whatever doesn’t kill you really does make you stronger.
19. It’s never too late to have a happy childhood… But the second one is up to you and no one else.
20. When it comes to going after what you love in life, don’t take no for an answer.
21. Burn the candles, use the nice sheets, wear the fancy lingerie. Don’t save it for a special occasion. Today is special.
22. Over prepare, then go with the flow.
23. Be eccentric now. Don’t wait for old age to wear purple.
24. The most important sex organ is the brain.
25. No one is in charge of your happiness but you.
26. Frame every so-called disaster with these words ‘In five years, will this matter?’
27. Always choose life.
28. Forgive everyone everything.
29. What other people think of you is none of your business.
30. Time heals almost everything. Give time time.
31. However good or bad a situation is, it will change.
32. Don’t take yourself so seriously. No one else does.
33. Believe in miracles.
34. God loves you because of who God is, not because of anything you did or didn’t do.
35. Don’t audit life. Show up and make the most of it now.
36. Growing old beats the alternative — dying young.
37. Your children get only one childhood.
38. All that truly matters in the end is that you loved.
39. Get outside every day. Miracles are waiting everywhere.
40. If we all threw our problems in a pile and saw everyone else’s, we’d grab ours back.
41. Envy is a waste of time. You already have all you need.
42. The best is yet to come.
43. No matter how you feel, get up, dress up and show up.
44. Yield.
45. Life isn’t tied with a bow, but it’s still a gift.

Adult brains can change within seconds

Saturday, July 18th, 2009

I unashamedly pinched this post from The Quest Institute website because it so nicely illustrates one of the fundamental thoughts from Cognitive Hypnotherapy, namely that changes in the mind can happen quickly – therefore years and years spent in therapy might be put to better use seeing a brief therapy practitioner such as a Cognitive Hypnotherapist like myself.

This from Trevor Silvester, the founder of Cognitive Hypnotherapy:

Jul 16th, 2009 by Trevor Silvester.
A new report about to be published in the Journal of Neuroscience by scientists working at the Institute for Brain Research at MIT has established that our brains can alter in a matter of seconds. “Our study shows the stunning ability of the brain to adapt to moment-to-moment changes in experience even in adulthood.” states one of the authors.

The changes are too quick for the brain to have grown new connections, and the current theory is that the change is the result of dormant short-term cortical connections being ‘booted up’ in response to some changing circumstance in the person’s environment.

I find this particularly interesting because Cognitive Hypnotherapy is a brief therapy model, and we work on the basis that change -even major change, doesn’t have to take a long time to be achieved. My argument has always been that, if a problem can begin as a result of a short experience, why can’t it be remedied within the same time frame?

This meets with resistance from a lot of psychotherapists and counsellors who are wedded to the idea that ‘change takes time’. As Woody Allen once said “I’ve been in psychoanalysis for fifteen years, and I’m starting to see signs of progress.”

I, and the people we’ve trained as Cognitive Hypnotherapists, regularly see rapid change in clients – most phobias disappear in a single session, and it’s heartening that neuroscience is supporting the notion that the architecture for such rapid change exists within the brain.

You can read about the research here.

Hypnosis Improves Academic Performance and Reduces Test-Anxiety for College Students

Monday, May 18th, 2009

 

Monday, May 18, 2009 by: Steve G. Jones, M.Ed., citizen journalist
See all articles by this author
Email this author

Key concepts: College, Hypnosis and Anxiety

(NaturalNews) A lot is expected of today’s college students. They are under an enormous amount of pressure to succeed in academics. The pressure comes from themselves, parents, professors, and friends. This causes a lot of stress for students. Success in college is a stepping stone to being successful in a career after graduation, so students feel the need to perform at their full potential. It is important for struggling college students to seek help in reducing their stress with natural treatments such as hypnotherapy. For some students, the stress and anxiety of school and academics can become overwhelming. Stress affects students in many different ways. For some students, their grades start to suffer, which can affect their GPA in the long-run. Other students become so overwhelmed by stress that they drop out of college. According to the 2000 census, 50% of the population in the United States over the age of 25 attended college. However, only 60% of those who attended college earned an associate, bachelor, or graduate degree. This means that 40% did not finish college for various reasons. Sapp (1990) studied the role hypnosis plays on treating test-anxiety in college students. The participants in the study were randomly divided into two groups. One group served as the control group and received no form of treatment. The other group received cognitive-behavioral hypnosis. The researcher evaluated the effects of hypnosis in improving academic performance and decreasing test anxiety. Both groups were enrolled in a demanding psychology course. All students were evaluated based on their midterm grade and anxiety levels. The hypnosis group reported a significant reduction in test anxiety and improvement in academic achievement. Both groups were evaluated 6 weeks after the end of the course and the hypnosis group was found to have maintained their hypnosis treatment gains in achievement and reduction in anxiety. Cognitive behavioral hypnosis is a highly effective form of treatment that helps students improve performance and reduce anxiety. Carrese (1998) outlines the benefits of teaching self-hypnosis to college freshman. The researcher describes the steps taught to students, including relaxation techniques and the usage of imagery. Self-hypnosis was able to help the college freshman cope with stress and the pressures of college. Whether cognitive-behavioral hypnosis is used or self-hypnosis is used, hypnotherapy is a very effective form of treating stress and anxiety in college students. Having the ability to better manage stress not only improves their academic performance in college, but will continue to help them cope with stress in other situations throughout their lives. Sources 2000 Census. Census Scope. Retrieved on May 15, 2009: http://www.censusscope.org/us/chart… Carrese, M.A. (1998). Managing stress for college success through self-hypnosis. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 36(3), 134-142. Sapp, M. (1990). Hypnotherapy and test anxiety: Two cognitive-behavioral constructs. The effects of hypnosis in reducing test anxiety and improving academic achievement in college students. Report. ERIC ID: ED328163.

Building Blocks of Bliss

Thursday, April 9th, 2009

Interesting how after all the research done on the subject, we don’t really know what the key to happiness is. It would seem that we can’t just put it down to one or two things, but it looks like we might be getting closer to knowing … This article from Psychology Today explains the latest findings.
An optimistic outlook and strong interpersonal bonds are key to happiness.

By: Anna Schneider-Mayerson

If Tolstoy was correct in his famous statement that happy families are essentially “happy in the same way,” researchers have yet to find that common denominator. When it came to analyzing extremely happy college students, researchers were reduced to triangulation: The very happy are not more religious, nor do they exercise or sleep more than the rest of us. True, they spend more time socializing and receive the highest self and peer ratings on the quality of their relationships.

But some unhappy students were equally social and boasted satisfactory relationships, according to Martin Seligman, Ph.D., a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, and Edward Diener, Ph.D., a psychology professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who compared college students in the top 10 percent on bliss indices to those whose moods were average to miserable. The researchers liken happiness to “symphonic music necessitating many instruments, without any one being sufficient for the beautiful quality.”

Diener describes the top-rated students as “happy most of the time, rather than intensely happy a lot.” Interestingly, 6 of the 22 extremely happy students exhibited a degree of hypomania indicative of “active, energetic people who are very self-confident.”

While optimism is not tantamount to happiness, optimists and the very happy both have strong social networks. This support system, as well as coping mechanisms such as the “every cloud has a silver lining” mentality, known as “positive reinterpretation and growth,” enables optimists to better weather stress and depression.

“Most personality psychologists examine the benefits of optimism in terms of what optimists do for themselves,” explains Ian Brissette, Ph.D., an assistant professor of psychology at Rutgers University, who studied 89 college freshmen during their first semester at school. But “benefits may also stem from the ability to develop social support,” says Brissette. “Optimists experience better mental health not only because of what they do but because of what others do for them.” The results were published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Experiences make us happier than things

Monday, March 30th, 2009

Here’s a new twist on the ‘money doesn’t make you happy’ senario from Startribune.com. It would certainly stand to reason that experiences have the possibility to make us happier, simply because memories last longer than material things generally – but do they need to be ‘good’ experiences? I suppose they do …

Experiences make us happier than things By SHARI ROAN, Los Angeles Times Last update: March 29, 2009 – 12:59 PM

Money is an emotional issue, especially during economic hard times. Social scientists have always warned that once a person’s basic needs are met, money doesn’t buy happiness. But if you’re wondering, or maybe even arguing over, what to do with any precious discretionary income these days, a new study suggests how to get the biggest emotional bang for your buck.

Ryan Howell, an assistant professor of psychology at San Francisco State University, found that buying experiences — such as vacations, going to the theater or renting a sailboat — gave people more happiness than buying material things.

The study, of 154 people ages 19 to 50, showed that experiences increase happiness because they are often social in nature. In addition, however, experiences tend to make people feel more alive.

“People report a sense of feeling invigorated or inspired,” Howell said.

Experiences might also yield more happiness because people are left with positive memories, a sort of return on their investment.

“It’s not that material things don’t bring any happiness. It’s just that they don’t bring as much,” Howell said. “You’re happy with a new television set. But you’re thrilled with a vacation.”

The study might yield some lessons for Americans in despair over the recession. “For whatever you can afford, you’ll maximize your happiness, and the happiness of others around you, if you spend it on a life experience,” he said.

It doesn’t matter how much money you spend, either.

“Whether you spent a little or a lot on the life experience, you still have the same level of happiness,” he said.

The study was presented recently at an annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology and will be published this year in the Journal of Positive Psychology.